Methylxanthines (caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline)
Methylxanthines are a group of central nervous system stimulant alkaloids. Theophylline is commonly found in tea, theobromine in cocoa seeds, and caffeine in coffee and as an additive in many soft drinks. The vast majority of poisoning cases in dogs occur as a result of chocolate ingestion. Although poisoning can also occur in cats, dogs are more commonly affected due to their eating habits. Intoxication episodes often occur during celebrations when there is a higher presence of chocolate at home (chocolates, cakes, and other sweets). In addition to theobromine, chocolate contains caffeine, but in much lower concentrations. It is important to note that the concentrations of theobromine and caffeine vary depending on the type of chocolate:- Unsweetened baking chocolate and cocoa powder usually contain more than 14 mg of theobromine per gram.
- Semisweet dark chocolate and milk chocolate usually contain around 5 and 2 mg of theobromine per gram, respectively.
- White chocolate is considered an insignificant source of theobromine.
