Veterinary teams in the UK may be underestimating the zoonotic risks associated with imported dogs, particularly those entering via rescue routes, according to a new review in Veterinary Record. The paper frames imported dogs as potential “reservoirs” for pathogens not typically encountered in the UK, with implications for both animal and human health.
The review highlights that current UK import controls are narrowly focused on a small number of pathogens, notably rabies and Echinococcus multilocularis. However, dogs entering from mainland Europe may carry a much wider range of zoonotic agents.
These include vector-borne pathogens such as Leishmania infantum and Ehrlichia canis, alongside other infections with zoonotic potential. Some of these pathogens are rare or historically absent in the UK, meaning they may not be front of mind in routine clinical assessments.
The authors suggest that imported dogs could act as long-term carriers, increasing the risk of onward transmission—either directly to humans or indirectly via competent vectors, where these become established.
The paper points to increasing numbers of dogs being brought into the UK, particularly through rehoming organisations. While this meets welfare demand, it also raises the likelihood of introducing infectious agents that fall outside current regulatory controls.
Inconsistent health screening prior to import is identified as a key concern. Testing protocols vary widely between organisations, and some infections may be subclinical or difficult to detect at the point of entry.
This creates a scenario where infected dogs may enter households and veterinary settings without clear warning signs, potentially exposing owners, veterinary staff and other animals.
For practices, the review underscores the importance of considering zoonotic risk when presented with imported dogs—especially those with vague or chronic clinical signs.
A thorough history, including country of origin and travel route, is critical. The authors also highlight the need for increased awareness of non-endemic diseases and their zoonotic potential, particularly among first-opinion clinicians.
There is also an occupational health dimension. Veterinary professionals may face increased exposure risk if appropriate precautions are not taken when handling dogs with unknown backgrounds.
The paper's authors have called for improved surveillance, more consistent pre-import testing, and greater awareness across the profession to mitigate emerging risks. To help, the team at Central CPD are hosting an evening giving practical Brucella guidance for veterinary teams.
Full paper access: Veterinary Record, “'Reservoir dogs': The emerging zoonotic risk associated with European dog importation”, 2026